Association is not causation

For the observed relationship between parcels handled and processing time, the evidence supports this statement: every case with higher parcels handled must have higher processing time

For the observed relationship between parcels handled and processing time, the evidence supports this statement: higher parcels handled tends to occur with higher processing time

For the observed relationship between parcels handled and processing time, the evidence supports this statement: higher parcels handled directly causes higher processing time

From the reported association between weekly training distance and fitness test total, the justified statement is: higher weekly training distance directly causes higher fitness test total

From the reported association between weekly training distance and fitness test total, the justified statement is: deliberately increasing weekly training distance would make fitness test total higher

From the reported association between weekly training distance and fitness test total, the justified statement is: higher weekly training distance tends to occur with higher fitness test total

From the reported association between weekly training distance and fitness test total, the justified statement is: every case with higher weekly training distance must have higher fitness test total

For the observed relationship between machine age and hourly output, the evidence supports this statement: deliberately reducing machine age would make hourly output higher

For the observed relationship between machine age and hourly output, the evidence supports this statement: every case with higher machine age must have lower hourly output

For the observed relationship between machine age and hourly output, the evidence supports this statement: higher machine age tends to occur with lower hourly output

For the observed relationship between machine age and hourly output, the evidence supports this statement: higher machine age directly causes lower hourly output

For the reported relationship between machine age and hourly output, one possible account is that the strong observed association rules out every common third factor

For the reported relationship between machine age and hourly output, one possible account is that older machines run on lines whose settings limit output, unlike newer machines

For the reported relationship between machine age and hourly output, one possible account is that hourly output certainly causes machine age in every case

From the reported association between event attendance and waste collected, the justified statement is: higher event attendance tends to occur with higher waste collected

From the reported association between event attendance and waste collected, the justified statement is: deliberately increasing event attendance would make waste collected higher

From the reported association between event attendance and waste collected, the justified statement is: every case with higher event attendance must have higher waste collected

From the reported association between event attendance and waste collected, the justified statement is: higher event attendance directly causes higher waste collected

For the observed relationship between floor area and quarterly electricity use, the evidence supports this statement: higher floor area directly causes higher quarterly electricity use

For the observed relationship between floor area and quarterly electricity use, the evidence supports this statement: every case with higher floor area must have higher quarterly electricity use

For the observed relationship between floor area and quarterly electricity use, the evidence supports this statement: higher floor area tends to occur with higher quarterly electricity use

From the reported association between trip distance and remaining battery range, the justified statement is: higher trip distance tends to occur with lower remaining battery range

From the reported association between trip distance and remaining battery range, the justified statement is: every case with higher trip distance must have lower remaining battery range

From the reported association between trip distance and remaining battery range, the justified statement is: higher trip distance directly causes lower remaining battery range

From the reported association between trip distance and remaining battery range, the justified statement is: higher trip distance tends to occur with lower remaining battery range

From the reported association between trip distance and remaining battery range, the justified statement is: every case with higher trip distance must have lower remaining battery range

From the reported association between trip distance and remaining battery range, the justified statement is: higher trip distance directly causes lower remaining battery range

For the observed relationship between practice time and practice points, the evidence supports this statement: every case with higher practice time must have higher practice points

For the observed relationship between practice time and practice points, the evidence supports this statement: higher practice time directly causes higher practice points

For the observed relationship between practice time and practice points, the evidence supports this statement: higher practice time tends to occur with higher practice points

From the reported association between parcels handled and processing time, the justified statement is: deliberately increasing parcels handled would make processing time higher

From the reported association between parcels handled and processing time, the justified statement is: every case with higher parcels handled must have higher processing time

From the reported association between parcels handled and processing time, the justified statement is: higher parcels handled tends to occur with higher processing time

From the reported association between parcels handled and processing time, the justified statement is: higher parcels handled directly causes higher processing time

From the reported association between machine age and hourly output, the justified statement is: deliberately reducing machine age would make hourly output higher

From the reported association between machine age and hourly output, the justified statement is: every case with higher machine age must have lower hourly output

From the reported association between machine age and hourly output, the justified statement is: higher machine age directly causes lower hourly output

From the reported association between machine age and hourly output, the justified statement is: higher machine age tends to occur with lower hourly output

From the reported association between floor area and quarterly electricity use, the justified statement is: higher floor area tends to occur with higher quarterly electricity use

From the reported association between floor area and quarterly electricity use, the justified statement is: deliberately increasing floor area would make quarterly electricity use higher

From the reported association between floor area and quarterly electricity use, the justified statement is: higher floor area directly causes higher quarterly electricity use

From the reported association between floor area and quarterly electricity use, the justified statement is: every case with higher floor area must have higher quarterly electricity use

From the reported association between machine age and hourly output, the justified statement is: higher machine age directly causes lower hourly output

From the reported association between machine age and hourly output, the justified statement is: higher machine age tends to occur with lower hourly output

From the reported association between machine age and hourly output, the justified statement is: every case with higher machine age must have lower hourly output

From the reported association between machine age and hourly output, the justified statement is: deliberately reducing machine age would make hourly output higher

In the study of weekly training distance and fitness test total, the design supports this statement: the study shows an association but cannot support a cause-and-effect conclusion

In the study of weekly training distance and fitness test total, the design supports this statement: every case with higher weekly training distance must have higher fitness test total, with no exceptions

In the study of weekly training distance and fitness test total, the design supports this statement: other relevant variables did not need to be controlled; the association alone supports this conclusion

In the study of weekly training distance and fitness test total, the design supports this statement: deliberately increasing weekly training distance would cause fitness test total to become higher

In the study of weekly training distance and fitness test total, the design supports this statement: random allocation was unnecessary because a strong association alone would justify cause and effect

Considering the study design for time since watering and soil moisture reading, this statement is justified: deliberately increasing time since watering would cause soil moisture reading to become lower

Considering the study design for time since watering and soil moisture reading, this statement is justified: every case with higher time since watering must have lower soil moisture reading, with no exceptions

Considering the study design for time since watering and soil moisture reading, this statement is justified: the study shows an association but cannot support a cause-and-effect conclusion

Considering the study design for time since watering and soil moisture reading, this statement is justified: other relevant variables did not need to be controlled; the association alone supports this conclusion

Considering the study design for time since watering and soil moisture reading, this statement is justified: random allocation was unnecessary because a strong association alone would justify cause and effect

From the reported association between time since watering and soil moisture reading, the justified statement is: deliberately reducing time since watering would make soil moisture reading higher

From the reported association between time since watering and soil moisture reading, the justified statement is: higher time since watering directly causes lower soil moisture reading

From the reported association between time since watering and soil moisture reading, the justified statement is: higher time since watering tends to occur with lower soil moisture reading

From the reported association between time since watering and soil moisture reading, the justified statement is: every case with higher time since watering must have lower soil moisture reading

The relationship reported for time since watering and soil moisture reading could be explained if the strong observed association rules out every common third factor

The relationship reported for time since watering and soil moisture reading could be explained if soil moisture reading certainly causes time since watering in every case

The relationship reported for time since watering and soil moisture reading could be explained if a longer dry spell raises time since watering and lowers soil moisture

From the reported association between time since watering and soil moisture reading, the justified statement is: deliberately reducing time since watering would make soil moisture reading higher

From the reported association between time since watering and soil moisture reading, the justified statement is: higher time since watering directly causes lower soil moisture reading

From the reported association between time since watering and soil moisture reading, the justified statement is: higher time since watering tends to occur with lower soil moisture reading

From the reported association between time since watering and soil moisture reading, the justified statement is: every case with higher time since watering must have lower soil moisture reading

The relationship reported for time since watering and soil moisture reading could be explained if a longer dry spell raises time since watering and lowers soil moisture

The relationship reported for time since watering and soil moisture reading could be explained if the strong value of r rules out every common third factor

The relationship reported for time since watering and soil moisture reading could be explained if soil moisture reading certainly causes time since watering in every case

In the study of time since watering and soil moisture reading, the design supports this statement: random allocation was unnecessary because a strong association alone would justify cause and effect

In the study of time since watering and soil moisture reading, the design supports this statement: deliberately increasing time since watering would cause soil moisture reading to become lower

In the study of time since watering and soil moisture reading, the design supports this statement: other relevant variables did not need to be controlled; the association alone supports this conclusion

In the study of time since watering and soil moisture reading, the design supports this statement: the study shows an association but cannot support a cause-and-effect conclusion

In the study of time since watering and soil moisture reading, the design supports this statement: every case with higher time since watering must have lower soil moisture reading, with no exceptions

The feature that matters in this study of time since watering and soil moisture reading is that other relevant variables did not need to be controlled; a strong association alone would identify the explanatory variable as the cause of the response

The feature that matters in this study of time since watering and soil moisture reading is that a random sample of study units would be enough to balance the groups, even without random allocation or deliberate manipulation of the explanatory variable

The feature that matters in this study of time since watering and soil moisture reading is that the strong value of r, rather than deliberate manipulation, random allocation and control of other relevant variables, proves cause and effect

The feature that matters in this study of time since watering and soil moisture reading is that the explanatory variable was deliberately changed, the study units were randomly allocated to groups and other relevant variables were controlled

From the reported association between floor area and quarterly electricity use, the justified statement is: higher floor area tends to occur with higher quarterly electricity use

From the reported association between floor area and quarterly electricity use, the justified statement is: higher floor area directly causes higher quarterly electricity use

From the reported association between floor area and quarterly electricity use, the justified statement is: deliberately increasing floor area would make quarterly electricity use higher

From the reported association between floor area and quarterly electricity use, the justified statement is: every case with higher floor area must have higher quarterly electricity use

Using only the reported correlation between elevation and air pressure, the data support this statement: deliberately reducing elevation would make air pressure higher

Using only the reported correlation between elevation and air pressure, the data support this statement: higher elevation directly causes lower air pressure

Using only the reported correlation between elevation and air pressure, the data support this statement: higher elevation tends to occur with lower air pressure

Using only the reported correlation between elevation and air pressure, the data support this statement: every case with higher elevation must have lower air pressure

Considering the study design for time since watering and soil moisture reading, this statement is justified: deliberately increasing time since watering would cause soil moisture reading to become lower

Considering the study design for time since watering and soil moisture reading, this statement is justified: random allocation was unnecessary because a strong association alone would justify cause and effect

Considering the study design for time since watering and soil moisture reading, this statement is justified: other relevant variables did not need to be controlled; the association alone supports this conclusion

Considering the study design for time since watering and soil moisture reading, this statement is justified: the study shows an association but cannot support a cause-and-effect conclusion

Considering the study design for time since watering and soil moisture reading, this statement is justified: every case with higher time since watering must have lower soil moisture reading, with no exceptions

Considering the study design for practice time and practice points, this statement is justified: deliberately increasing practice time would cause practice points to become higher

Considering the study design for practice time and practice points, this statement is justified: every case with higher practice time must have higher practice points, with no exceptions

Considering the study design for practice time and practice points, this statement is justified: other relevant variables did not need to be controlled; the association alone supports this conclusion

Considering the study design for practice time and practice points, this statement is justified: the study shows an association but cannot support a cause-and-effect conclusion

Considering the study design for practice time and practice points, this statement is justified: random allocation was unnecessary because a strong association alone would justify cause and effect

For the observed relationship between practice time and practice points, the evidence supports this statement: higher practice time directly causes higher practice points

For the observed relationship between practice time and practice points, the evidence supports this statement: higher practice time tends to occur with higher practice points

For the observed relationship between practice time and practice points, the evidence supports this statement: deliberately increasing practice time would make practice points higher

For the observed relationship between practice time and practice points, the evidence supports this statement: every case with higher practice time must have higher practice points

Using only the reported correlation between machine age and hourly output, the data support this statement: deliberately reducing machine age would make hourly output higher

Using only the reported correlation between machine age and hourly output, the data support this statement: every case with higher machine age must have lower hourly output

Using only the reported correlation between machine age and hourly output, the data support this statement: higher machine age directly causes lower hourly output

Using only the reported correlation between machine age and hourly output, the data support this statement: higher machine age tends to occur with lower hourly output