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Classify real numbers and recognise undefined forms

Start a set of 8
Step 3 of 5

Square the number inside the brackets before applying the square root

\[\left(-7\right)^{2}=?\]
Year 11, VCE Units 1 & 2, Chapter 2, 4 difficulty levels, No calculatorBuild a worksheet

Classifying real numbers

Evaluate an expression exactly before deciding its real-number set or status. Use the smallest set that contains the value, and check domain restrictions before assigning a real value

\[\mathbb{N}\subset\mathbb{Z}\subset\mathbb{Q}\subset\mathbb{R},\quad\mathbb{R}\setminus\mathbb{Q}=\text{irrational numbers}\]
  1. Use the smallest containing set Use the positive counting numbers first, then the integers, then the rational numbers; irrational values belong to the real numbers but not the rational numbers \(\displaystyle 5\in\mathbb{N}\subset\mathbb{Z}\subset\mathbb{Q}\subset\mathbb{R},\quad\sqrt{2}\in\mathbb{R}\setminus\mathbb{Q}\)
  2. Reduce rational values exactly An integer-valued fraction and a recurring decimal are rational even when their written forms differ \(\displaystyle \frac{6}{3}=2\in\mathbb{Q},\quad0.\overline{3}\in\mathbb{Q}\)
  3. Use the principal square root For a non-negative radicand, the square-root symbol means the non-negative root \(\displaystyle \sqrt{(-5)^{2}}=\sqrt{25}=5\)
  4. Check the real domain A zero denominator is undefined, and an even root of a negative real number is not real \(\displaystyle \frac{4}{0}\text{ is undefined},\quad\sqrt{-9}\text{ is not real}\)

Worked example

Classify the exact expression using the smallest standard real-number set

\[\sqrt{72}\]
  1. \(\displaystyle 72=36\times2\)Extract the largest square factor from 72
  2. \(\displaystyle \sqrt{72}=\sqrt{36\times2}=6\sqrt2\)The square root of 36 is 6, and 2 remains under the root
  3. \(\displaystyle 6\sqrt2\in\mathbb{R}\setminus\mathbb{Q}\)Because 2 is not a perfect square, 6 times the square root of 2 is irrational

Common mistakes

Principal root versus both signs
✕\(\displaystyle \sqrt{49}=\pm7\)✓\(\displaystyle \sqrt{49}=7\)
The square-root symbol denotes the non-negative principal root, so it does not mean both signs
Recurring decimal omitted from the rationals
✕\(\displaystyle 0.\overline{3}\notin\mathbb{Q}\)✓\(\displaystyle 0.\overline{3}\in\mathbb{Q}\)
Every recurring decimal can be written as a ratio of integers, so it is rational
Zero denominator
✕\(\displaystyle \frac{5}{0}=0\)✓\(\displaystyle \frac{5}{0}\text{ is undefined}\)
Division by zero does not produce a real numeric value

Difficulty levels

introClassify a simple exact value or judge a membership statement
standardEvaluate exact forms, check definedness and classify values or judge membership
challengeDistinguish nested exact forms, undefined expressions and non-real even roots
examJudge a membership or non-membership statement; evaluate an exact rational value when requested

Questions about this topic

Why is a recurring decimal rational?+

A recurring decimal can be written as a fraction whose numerator and denominator are integers, so it belongs to the rational numbers

Why is the square root of 49 not both 7 and negative 7?+

The square-root symbol denotes the non-negative principal root. Both signs describe the solutions of an equation such as x squared equals 49.

What is the difference between undefined and non-real?+

An expression is undefined when its operation is not allowed, such as division by zero. An even root of a negative real number is defined over the complex numbers but is not a real number

Can I use a calculator?+

No. This topic is practised without a calculator

Which year level and chapter is this?+

Year 11, VCE Units 1 & 2, Mathematical Methods, chapter 2: Algebraic foundations

In this chapter

Expand binomial and special productsFactorise by common factors and difference of perfect squaresFactorise monic and non-monic quadratic trinomialsFactorise four-term expressions by groupingRecognise equivalent polynomial formsSimplify and operate on algebraic fractionsSimplify and combine algebraic fractionsEvaluate factorial and combination expressionsPascal rows and binomial coefficient structureLocate and evaluate a term in a binomial expansionClassify real numbers and recognise undefined formsWork with sets and interval notationSimplify, compare and operate with surdsRationalise a surd denominator